Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me
Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus, 1883.
When we think of America, of what we fondly call the melting pot, when we reflect upon the masses that entered our country, this poem often comes to mind. It is inscribed on the pedestal of "Lady Liberty," this statue is forever linked to our concept of immigration. However, immigration is often not as sweet as this poem implies. Migrants to the United States were never fully welcome; few were greeted with open arms. Those that were here first often felt threatened and immigration laws throughout our history reflect this.
In 1790, Congress ratified the first immigration bill, the Naturalization Act. This measure stated, “Any alien, being a free, white person, may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States." Borders were open; yet, only to whites. In 1875, “idiots," "lunatics," convicts, and those that were likely to become a financial burden on society were excluded. In essence, people needed to be pure in blood, of sound mind, and somewhat affluent. People came, yet there were questions and qualms. What passed for white was not exactly what the founders and their progeny expected. Racial tension became a reality.
In 1882, The Chinese Exclusion Act was endorsed and enacted. The first quota systems came into being in 1917. The foreign born were required to prove literacy before entering the United States. By 1921, restrictions were refined. The United States Congress ratified a “National Origin Quota System.” Then, in 1954, “special” racial quotas were enacted. Ironically, in this same year, the Supreme Court ruled on Brown versus Board of Education. Separate was no longer equal.
However, in America, there was, and is, much separation. There were Italian ghettos, China towns, German villages, and the Irish section of the city, Jews lived here and Blacks there. Indians were placed on reservations; some question whether they are Native Americans, or also immigrants. Native Americans and Mexicans have long lived on this North American continent. Yet, each group is considered “alien” in America. Each is being mistreated in a manner similar to that of other immigrants.
Every “group” goes through this, discrimination, and recrimination. Now, the Mexicans are the focus; it seems to be their turn. Their travel will be as all those before them, different, and yet, similar. Their travel will be as all those before them, different, and yet, similar.
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